Freedom Riders: John Lewis and Jim Zwerg on the Front Lines of the Civil Rights Movement

Title: Freedom Riders: John Lewis and Jim Zwerg on the Front Lines of the Civil Rights Movement
2007 Sibert Honor Book
Author: Ann Bausum
Published: 2006
Interesting Facts: (1) "The Freedom Rides did not begin in 1961. They did not even begin in 1947 with the first organized test of interstate bus segregation. As far back as the 19th century African Americans had challenged segregated seating on public transportation (pg. 35). (2) "Perhaps Southern racists thought that the Freedom Riders--so beaten and scattered--had been defeated at last, but they were wrong again" (pg. 51). Citizens from around the country watched a battered and bruised Jim Zwerg on the evening news issue a statement from his hospital bed, "Segregation must be stopped...We're going on to New Orleans no matter what. We're dedicated to this...We're willing to accept death" (pg 51). (3) "Jim Zwerg's hospital bed statement, broadcast over national television served as a clarion cry for action...Individuals...headed off to join the Freedom Rides. Black and white, young and old, students, professors, members of the clergy, rabbis, Quakers, Northerners and Southerners, males and females alike, boarded trains, buses, and even airplanes bound for the segregated South--from Arkansas to Florida, from Georgia to Louisiana" (pg. 53). (4) Jim Zwerg reflected on his participation in freedom rides and the media attention that he received, " 'I'm nothing special. I'm a dentist's kid from Wisconsin who happened to get on a bus with some friends who got the hell beat out of him. Think of the hundreds of kids...especially black students, that put it on the line and nobody knows their names.' By being white-skinned, notes Zwerg, he drew extra attention among news reporters" (pg. 66-67). (5) "In 1963, just two years after the Freedom Rides, hundreds of thousands of Americans--black and white, young and old...gathered as one to champion equality and human rights during the August 28 March on Washington" (pg. 68).
Curriculum/Pathfinder Suggestion:
National US History Standards, Grades 3-4, Standard 4E: Analyze songs, symbols, and slogans that demonstrate freedom of expression and the role of protest in a democracy.

Through My Eyes: The Autobiography of Ruby Bridges

Title: Through My Eyes: The Autobiography of Ruby Bridges
2000 NCTE Orbis Pictus Winner
Author: Ruby Bridges/ edited by Margo Lundell
Published: 1999
Interesting Facts: (1) Mrs. Henry talks about her time as Ruby's first grade teacher, " To help Ruby, I tried to explain integration more than once...I didn't want to allow hate to enter her life and in any way diminish her beautiful spirit...I told her that the other children would come back to school eventually. When she asked how soon that would be, I had no answer. Ruby never complained, but I knew she was lonely (2) Ruby talks about an incident that happened on the playground at the end of her first year of school, "...a little white boy refused to play with me. 'I can't play with you...My mama said not to because you're a nigger...' I would have done the same thing. If my mama said not to do something, I didn't do it" (50). (3) Ruby talks about the impact that 1960 had on her family life, " I think the pressure my family was under in 1960 caused serious problems in the marriage...After my parents separated, my mother moved us children out of our house on France Street and into a housing project. Over the next few years, my mother had a rough time financially" (pg 56). (4) Ruby talks about her educational opportunities after high school. "After graduating from high school, I remember wanting to go to college. I regret not having that experience. My mother thought doors would automatically open for me as a result of what I had accomplished in 1960, but there was no one around to help lead me through those doors as I was led through the doors of William Frantz" (pg 56-57). (5) Ruby talks about her feelings regarding 1960, " For a long time, I was tempted to feel bitter about the school integration experience, not understanding why I had to go through it and go through it alone. Now I know it was meant to be that way. People are touched by the story of the black child who was so alone (pg 60).
Curriculum Suggestion:
US National History Standards, Grades K-4, Standard 4B: Identify ordinary people who have believed in the fundamental democratic values such as justice, truth, equality, the rights of the individual, and responsibility for the common good, and explain their significance.

US National History Standards, Grades 5-12, Postwar United States, Standard 4A: Explain the resistance to civil rights in the South between 1954 and 1965

Freedom Walkers: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Title: Freedom Walkers: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
2007 Sibert Honor Book, 2oo7 NCTE Orbis Pictus Honor Book
Author: Russell Freedman
Published: 2006
Interesting Facts: (1) "...Women's Political Council...had been founded three years earlier when the local League of Women Voters refused to accept blacks...segregated seating on public buses became the group's most pressing issue..." (pg 10). (2) People said that Rosa Parks did not move from her seat on the bus because she was tired. Rosa Parks has said, " 'But that isn't true...I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day...No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.' She had made up her mind long before that if she was ever asked to give up her seat for a white person, she would refuse" (pg 27). (3) People that cared for Mrs. Parks warned her not to allow her case to be used in the courts to put an end to segregation laws, " '...the white folks will kill you, Rosa...Don't do anything to make trouble, Rosa.' Racially motivated killings were not uncommon in the Jim Crow South. Early that year, two black men had been shot dead in Mississippi while trying to register African Americans voters" (pg. 31). (4) ...two days after the boycott ended, a shotgun blast was fired into King's home...a car pulled up to a bust stop where a 15-year-old black girl was standing...men jumped out, beat her, and drove away...shotgun snipers began to fire at integrated buses,, sending a pregnant black woman to the hospital with bullet wounds..." (pg. 89-90). (5) "Rosa Parks never expected to make history. ' I had no idea when I refused to give up my seat on that Montgomery bus that my small action would help put an end to enforced segregation in the South...' the Montgomery bus boycott marked the beginning of what we now recognize as the modern civil rights movement" (pg 89).
Curriculum/Pathfinder Suggestion:
US National History Standards, Postwar, Grades 5-12, Standard 4c: Identify the major social, economic, and political issues affecting women and explain the conflicts these issues engendered.

A Wreath for Emmett Till

Title: A Wreath for Emmet Till
2006 Coretta Scott King Honor Book
Author/Illustrator: Marilyn Nelson/ Philippe Lardy
Published: 2005
Group: African Americans
Examples of African American culture in A Wreath: (1) A Wreath is a heroic crown of sonnets about the lynching of a 14 year old black boy named Emmett Till in 1955. Photos of Emmett's mutilated body catalyzed the civil rights movement. From the 1880s to the late 1960s (some isolated incidences of lynchings occurred as late as 1998) lynching was an act of terror used to control the political, social and economic behaviors of African Americans (2) In A Wreath Nelson writes, "If trees could speak, it could describe...the strange fruit that still ghosts its reverie..." Jazz is a music art form created by African Americans. Jazz has been used by African Americans as a medium to protest social injustices. In 1939 Jazz and Blues singer Billie Holiday recorded a rendition of "Strange Fruit" in response to the lynchings of Black Americans during Jim Crow. (3) Poetry has been used by African Americans as a medium to protest social injustices. African American poet, Paul Dunbar, wrote "The Haunted Oak" in response to the lynchings of Black Americans. In A Wreath Nelson signifies Dunbar's "Haunted Oak," " Though if I could, I would forget...No: I remember, like a haunted tree..." (4)Looking beyond the violence and brutality of lynchings, Nelson speaks of healing, "In my house, there is still something called grace, which melts ice shards of hate and makes hearts whole."Acts of forgiveness and reconciliation are persistent themes in the relationship between African Americans and the United States. (5) "I cling to the faith that innocence lives on...That miracles do exist." The tradition of African American struggles has been sustained by an unwavering faith that things will get better in spite of dire circumstances. (6) The sacredness of memory as a testament to the past is part of African American identity. A Wreath is largely about collective memory and forgetfulness, "...we must bear witness to atrocity." (7) Memory as a burden is part of African American identity, Nelson writes, "Though if I could, I would forget much of that racial memory." (8) Nelson writes that Emmett's mother had sent him to "the South to visit relatives and to be taught the family's ways." Modern day African American culture originated in the deep South. (9) The hypocrisy of America's democracy has been persistently critiqued and exposed through the African American experience. Nelson writes about the hypocrisy of American democracy, "One mouth speaks with forked tongue, the other reads the Constitution...(10) Nelson echoes Malcolm X when relating the ambivalent experiences of Blacks in America, "My country, 'tis of both thy nightmare history and thy grand dream..."

The Watsons Go to Birmingham -- 1963

Title: The Watsons Go to Birmingham -- 1963
1996 Newbery Honor Book
Author: Christopher Paul Curtis
Published: 1995
Plot Summary: This historical novel is based on the Birmingham Church bombing which resulted in the deaths of four African American girls. In this novel, 10 year old Kenny light heartedly describes his family's trip to a turbulent South during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Kenny is jarred by the events that take place in Birmingham. Kenny's brother Byron, his sibling rival, consoles Kenny and helps ease Kenny out of his troubled state.
Main Characters: Kenny, Byron, Wilona, Joetta, Daniel
Theme(s): the family as a shield against racism and discrimination
Reader's Response: Readers reflect on the ways in which people deal with trauma and how they acknowledge and manage their emotions during tough times.
Teaching Idea: Students create a photo gallery of pivotal moments during the 1960s civil rights movement. Students use voice over to provide commentary for each photo.
Grade Level: 6 - 8
Reading Level (Lexile): 1000

The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights

Title: The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights
2005 Newbery Honor Book
Author: Russell Freedman
Published: 2004
Plot Summary: This biography celebrates the artistic accomplishments of world renown singer Marian Anderson. Her artistic achievements are place in a historical and political context highlighting the Jim Crow US through the civil rights movement. Anderson's performance at the Lincoln Memorial ushered in the desegregation of the arts.
Main Characters: Marian Anderson
Theme(s): defying discrimination
Readers Response: Readers will reflect on the rights of citizens and various groups fight against racial and gender discrimination by exploring the life of Marian Anderson
Teaching Idea: Using Windows Movie Maker (or media format of choice) juxapose images and text, past and present, of struggle against and victory over racial and/or gender discrimination from each era: 1920s - 1940s, 1950s - 1960s, 1970s - 1990s. Select a song that could represent each era.
Grade Level: 5 - 9
Reading Level (Lexile): 1180

The Dark - Thirty: Southern Tales of the Supernatural

Title: The Dark - Thirty: Southern Tales of the Supernatural
1993 Newbery Honor Book
Author: Patricia C. McKissack
Published: 1992
Plot Summary: This is a collection of ten eerie and haunting supernatural tales. Each tale is preceded by a short excerpt that places it in a historical context from the pre-civil war era to modern day. Many of these tales highlight African American History and the tradition of oral storytelling.
Main Characters:
Theme(s): the use of the supernatural as a form of empowerment for an individual or a group of people seeking justice
Reader's Response: Readers will root for the heroes in this story and thus identify themselves with the African American protagonists in these tales that are historically rooted in experiences of slavery, segregation, and civil rights in America.
Teaching Idea: Have students look at folktales that feature supernatural powers used in fights for justice such as Golem. Using the graphic novel format, have students create a supernatural tale about a hero that fights for justice.
Grade Level: 4 - 7
Reading Level (Lexile): 730

Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

Title: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry
1977 Newbery Winner
Author: Mildred D. Taylor
Published: 1976
Plot Summary: An African American family living in Mississippi during the Depression era is terrorized by racism and poverty. 9 year old Cassie tries to make sense of the violence of the KKK that she and her family endure. Ultimately, her family survives in tact and maintains their land.
Main Characters: Cassie Logan, The Logan Family, TJ, Miz Lillian Jean, Mr. Morrison
Theme(s): the survival of the family despite terrible circumstances
Reader Response: Through an examination of race relations, readers will explore the rights of citizens and citizen responsibility in combating injustice.
Teaching Idea: Students form groups and role play scenarios where they resolve and negotiate conflict caused by an injustice. Students discuss the perceived injustice and how they felt as the perpetrators and/or the victims.
Grade Level: Gr. 4 - 7
Reading Level (Lexile): 960